(b. 1928) France
:joined Deberny & Peignot in 1952 after moving to Paris from Zurich
:beyond Univers, designed a number of broadly used typefaces, among them Serifa (1967), Frutiger (1975), and Avenir (1988)
Ed Benguiat
(b. 1927) USA
:worked for Esquire magazine and ran his own studio
:joined Photo-Lettering Inc. in 1962 becoming head of its publishing department and designing literally hundreds of display typefaces
:credited with more than 600 typefaces, among them ITC Souvenir (1970), ITC Tiffany (1974), and ITC Bauhaus (1975)
Hermann Zapf
(b. 1918) Germany
:taught himself calligraphy and lettering through reading several books
:designed first typeface, a Fraktur black letter called Gilgengart at age 20
:served in Cartographic Unit of the German army during WWII
:designed Zapfino in 1998 for Linotype and five years later, Linotype released Zapfino Extra to take advantage of OpenType
:has been one of the few type designers to produce designs in metal, phototypesetting, and computer
Matthew Carter
(b. 1937) UK
:had yearlong punch-cutting internship at the printing house Ensechede in Haarlem, Netherlands
:freelanced for 6 years in London, first as a typemaker and later as a type designer
:established a digital type foundry, Bitstream, in 1981 with 3 colleagues
Zuzana Licko
(b. 1961) Czechoslovakia
:degree in Graphic Communications from the University of California at Berkley
:no formal training in typeface design
:created uniquely designed coarse bitmap fonts
:developed remarkably innovative designs like Emigre, Emperor, Oakland, and Universal that paved the way for other designs
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